Botulinum Toxins, Type A

BACKGROUND: OnabotulinumtoxinA has demonstrated significant benefit in adult focal spasticity. This study reviews the injection patterns (i.e., muscle distribution, dosing) of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of adult spasticity, as reported in published studies. METHODS: A systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies published between 1990 and 2011 reporting data on muscles injected with onabotulinumtoxinA in adult patients treated for any cause of spasticity.

The so-called interstitial cystitis is a chronic pain syndrome rather than a purely end organ disease of the urinary bladder. New suggestions for definitions and nomenclature take this into consideration. Since aetiology and pathogenesis are still unknown a treatment of the cause is still not possible. There are neither evidence-based treatment algorithms nor a so-called standard therapy. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been tried up to now. These attempts can be divided into oral, intravesical, surgical and physical procedures.

The so-called interstitial cystitis is a chronic pain syndrome rather than a purely end organ disease of the urinary bladder. New suggestions for definitions and nomenclature take this into consideration. Since aetiology and pathogenesis are still unknown a treatment of the cause is still not possible. There are neither evidence-based treatment algorithms nor a so-called standard therapy. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been tried up to now. These attempts can be divided into oral, intravesical, surgical and physical procedures.

BACKGROUND: Adequate relief from low-back pain (LBP) is not always possible. Emerging evidence suggests a role for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections in treating pain disorders. Proponents of BoNT suggest its properties can decrease muscle spasms, ischemia and inflammatory markers, thereby reducing pain. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of botulinum toxin injections in adults with LBP.

BACKGROUND: Drooling is a common problem for children with cerebral palsy (CP). This can be distressing for these children as well as for their parents and caregivers. The consequences of drooling include risk of social rejection, damp and soiled clothing, unpleasant odour, irritated chapped skin, mouth infections, dehydration, interference with speech, damage to books, communication aids, computers, and the risk of social isolation (Blasco 1992; Van der Burg 2006). A range of interventions exist that aim to reduce or eliminate drooling.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of physiotherapy interventions, including exercise therapy, for the rehabilitation of people with progressive multiple sclerosis. DATA SOURCES: Five databases (Cochrane Library, Physiotherapy Evidence Database [PEDro], Web of Science Core Collections, MEDLINE, Embase) and reference lists of relevant articles were searched. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized experimental trials, including participants with progressive multiple sclerosis and investigating a physiotherapy intervention or an intervention containing a physiotherapy element, were included.

BACKGROUND: Injections of botulinum toxin type A are extremely effective in treating palmar hyperhidrosis. The main problem is pain during injections in the palms and pulp of the fingers. Anaesthesia of the hands using Emla and analgesia with an equimolar mixture of oxygen/nitrous oxide are occasionally disappointing. We analysed the value of hypnosis in reducing injection pain.

BACKGROUND: Technical procedures in dermatology are painful. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine predictive factors for pain in such procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This observational study evaluated pain by means of a numerical pain rating scale and a questionnaire about the circumstances of the pain and the use of analgesic methods. Data were analysed using Excel and SAS software. RESULTS: Five hundred and forty-six questionnaires were analysed. Among the patients, 45.4% had mild pain, 34.5% moderate pain and 20.1% severe pain.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of the aroma of essential oil of lavender against placebo on subjects' pain perceptions and levels of anxiety when undergoing elective cosmetic facial injections of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX(�) COSMETIC) for the correction of glabellar wrinkles. METHODS: Subjects (N=30) who had not previously received any cosmetic facial injections were randomized to essential oil of lavender aroma exposure or to placebo during elective cosmetic facial injections of BOTOX(�) (12 U) for the correction of glabellar wrinkles.